Introduction to Whitecat-Gateway The Whitecat ESP32 LoRa Gateway, also known as the Whitecat-Gateway, is a powerful and versatile device that combines the capabilities of the ESP32 microcontroller with Long Range (LoRa) communication technology. This gateway serves as a bridge between LoRa devices and the internet, enabling seamless data transmission and […]

What is PCB Stackup? PCB stackup refers to the arrangement of layers in a multi-layer printed circuit board. It involves stacking alternating layers of conductive copper and insulating materials, such as FR-4, to create a compact and efficient circuit board. The number of layers in a PCB stackup can vary […]

What is Azure Sphere? Azure Sphere is a comprehensive IoT security solution from Microsoft that provides end-to-end security for internet-connected devices. It consists of three main components: Azure Sphere certified microcontrollers (MCUs) Azure Sphere OS Azure Sphere Security Service Together, these components enable developers to create highly-secured, internet-connected devices that […]

Introduction to PCB Panels Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are the backbone of modern electronics. They provide a reliable and efficient means of connecting electronic components in a compact and organized manner. PCBs are used in a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial equipment and aerospace systems. In […]

What are Halogen-free PCBs? Halogen-free PCBs are printed circuit boards that do not contain any halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) or other halogenated materials. Common halogens used in PCBs include chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br). These substances can be harmful to the environment and human health when released during PCB manufacturing, […]

Introduction to Bidirectional Switches A bidirectional switch, also known as a bilateral switch or a double throw switch, is an electrical component that allows current to flow in both directions through a circuit. Unlike a regular switch that only allows current to flow in one direction, a bidirectional switch enables […]

What Are Current-Sense Amplifiers? Current-sense amplifiers are specialized integrated circuits designed to accurately measure the current flowing through a load by amplifying the small voltage drop across a shunt resistor. These amplifiers play a crucial role in various applications, such as power management, battery monitoring, overcurrent protection, and motor control. […]

Introduction to PCB Impedance Control In the world of high-speed electronic circuits, controlling the impedance of printed circuit boards (PCBs) is crucial for ensuring signal integrity and optimizing system performance. Impedance control is the process of designing PCBs to maintain a consistent characteristic impedance throughout the signal paths. This is […]

Introduction to PCB Impedance Control Printed Circuit Board (PCB) impedance control is a crucial aspect of designing high-speed electronic systems. As signal speeds increase and rise times decrease, the importance of controlling the impedance of PCB traces becomes paramount to ensure signal integrity and minimize signal distortion, reflections, and crosstalk. […]

What is a DIAC? A DIAC, or Diode for Alternating Current, is a two-terminal, Bidirectional Switching device that conducts current only after its breakover voltage has been reached momentarily. Once this threshold is reached, the DIAC continues to conduct until the current falls below the holding current. DIACs are widely […]