What is a Copper PCB? A copper PCB is a printed circuit board that uses copper as the primary conductive material for its traces, pads, and planes. Copper is laminated onto a non-conductive substrate, typically made of fiberglass or epoxy resin, to create the PCB. The copper layer is then […]

Introduction to RoHS 2 and Its Impact on PCB Manufacturing The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) is an EU directive that aims to restrict the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). The original RoHS directive, also known as RoHS 1, was adopted in 2003 […]

Introduction to Popcorn Effect The popcorn effect, also known as the popcorning effect or moisture-induced delamination, is a serious defect that can occur during the printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) process. It is characterized by the formation of small blisters or “popped” areas on the surface of the PCB laminate […]

Essential Raspberry Pi Components 1. Raspberry Pi Board The heart of your setup is the Raspberry Pi board itself. There are several models available, each with different specifications and capabilities. Here’s a table comparing the most popular Raspberry Pi models: Model Processor RAM USB Ports Ethernet Wireless GPIO Pins Raspberry […]

Introduction to PID Temperature Controllers A PID temperature controller is a critical component in many industrial processes where precise temperature control is essential. PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative, which are the three terms used in the control algorithm. Temperature controllers using PID allow you to accurately regulate heating or cooling to […]

Understanding Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) Before diving into the details of Turnkey PCB assembly, it’s essential to understand what PCBs are and their role in modern electronics. PCBs are the backbone of most electronic devices, providing a platform for electrical components to be mounted and interconnected. They consist of a […]

What is Low Profile Recessed Lighting? Low profile recessed lighting, also known as shallow recessed lighting or slim recessed lighting, is a type of recessed light fixture designed to fit into shallow ceiling cavities or limited spaces. These fixtures typically have a smaller housing depth compared to standard recessed lights, […]

What is a Semiconductor? A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity between that of an insulator and a conductor. Its ability to conduct electricity can be controlled through various means, such as doping, temperature, and exposure to light. This unique property makes semiconductors the foundation of modern electronics. […]

Introduction to PCB Milling PCB milling is a subtractive manufacturing process used in the fabrication of printed circuit boards (PCBs). It involves the use of a computer-controlled milling machine to remove unwanted copper from a pre-laminated PCB substrate, leaving behind the desired electrical circuit pattern. This process is an alternative […]

Project 1: Basic IR Remote Control Tester Materials Needed Component Quantity IR Receiver Module (e.g., TSOP4838) 1 Arduino Uno or Compatible Board 1 Breadboard 1 Jumper Wires As needed USB Cable 1 Step-by-Step Instructions Connect the IR receiver module to the Arduino board: Connect the VCC pin of the IR […]