What is an HHO Fuel Cell? An HHO fuel cell, also known as a hydrogen generator or a brown gas generator, is a device that produces a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases through the electrolysis of water. This gas mixture, often referred to as HHO or oxyhydrogen, can be […]

What is a Float Switch? A float switch, also known as a level switch, is a device that detects the level of liquid in a tank or container and sends a signal to control the operation of a pump, valve, or other equipment. The switch consists of a floating object, […]

What is a Voltage Converter? A voltage converter is an electronic device that changes the voltage level of an electrical power source. It allows you to convert a higher voltage to a lower voltage or vice versa, depending on your requirements. Voltage converters are essential in various applications, such as […]

Introduction to ATTINY45 The ATTINY45 is an 8-bit microcontroller that belongs to Atmel’s AVR series. It comes in a compact 8-pin package, making it ideal for space-constrained applications. With its low power consumption and rich set of peripherals, the ATTINY45 is a popular choice for hobbyists, engineers, and embedded systems […]

What is a Copper PCB? A copper PCB is a printed circuit board that uses copper as the primary conductive material for its traces, pads, and planes. Copper is laminated onto a non-conductive substrate, typically made of fiberglass or epoxy resin, to create the PCB. The copper layer is then […]

Introduction to RoHS 2 and Its Impact on PCB Manufacturing The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) is an EU directive that aims to restrict the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). The original RoHS directive, also known as RoHS 1, was adopted in 2003 […]

Introduction to Popcorn Effect The popcorn effect, also known as the popcorning effect or moisture-induced delamination, is a serious defect that can occur during the printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) process. It is characterized by the formation of small blisters or “popped” areas on the surface of the PCB laminate […]

Essential Raspberry Pi Components 1. Raspberry Pi Board The heart of your setup is the Raspberry Pi board itself. There are several models available, each with different specifications and capabilities. Here’s a table comparing the most popular Raspberry Pi models: Model Processor RAM USB Ports Ethernet Wireless GPIO Pins Raspberry […]

Introduction to PID Temperature Controllers A PID temperature controller is a critical component in many industrial processes where precise temperature control is essential. PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative, which are the three terms used in the control algorithm. Temperature controllers using PID allow you to accurately regulate heating or cooling to […]

Understanding Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) Before diving into the details of Turnkey PCB assembly, it’s essential to understand what PCBs are and their role in modern electronics. PCBs are the backbone of most electronic devices, providing a platform for electrical components to be mounted and interconnected. They consist of a […]