Introduction to LM35 Temperature Sensor The LM35 is a precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. It is a popular choice for measuring temperature in various applications due to its high accuracy, low self-heating, and easy interfacing with microcontrollers or other electronic […]

What is a PCB Trace? A printed circuit board (PCB) trace is a thin strip of copper or other conductive material that forms the interconnections between components on a PCB. Traces carry electrical signals and power between the various components soldered to the PCB. They are essentially the “wires” of […]

Understanding Lithium-Ion Battery Charging Charging Stages Lithium-ion batteries require a specific charging process to ensure safe and efficient operation. The charging process typically consists of three stages: Constant Current (CC) Stage: In this stage, the charger supplies a constant current to the battery, gradually increasing the battery voltage. The current […]

What is a Breadboard and Why is it Important? A breadboard is an essential tool for anyone working with electronic circuits. It is a rectangular plastic board with a grid of holes that allows you to quickly and easily prototype and test electronic circuits without the need for soldering. The […]

Introduction to LED driver circuits Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become increasingly popular in modern lighting applications due to their energy efficiency, long lifespan, and versatility. However, LEDs require a specific current and voltage to operate optimally, which is where LED driver circuits come into play. In this article, we will […]

What is an Inductor? An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. It consists of a coil of wire, usually wound around a core made of ferromagnetic material, such as iron or ferrite. When an electric current flows through the coil, […]

2N5089 Transistor Overview The 2N5089 is a small signal NPN transistor in a TO-92 through-hole package. It is designed for low power applications with a maximum collector current of 50mA and a power dissipation of 500mW. The 2N5089 has a transition frequency of 300MHz, making it suitable for high frequency […]

Introduction to MOC3021 The MOC3021 is a 6-pin DIP (Dual Inline Package) optocoupler that consists of a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode (IRED) and a light-activated silicon bilateral switch. The input LED is optically coupled to the output phototransistor, allowing for electrical isolation between the input and output circuits. Key […]

2N3771 Transistor Pinout The 2N3771 transistor has a TO-3 metal package with 2 leads: Pin Symbol Description 1 B Base 2 E Emitter Case C Collector The case/tab of the TO-3 package is connected internally to the collector. Proper heatsinking of the case is essential for managing the thermal dissipation […]

What is a 2.4 GHz Wireless Microphone? A 2.4 GHz wireless microphone operates on the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which is also used by other devices such as Wi-Fi routers, Bluetooth devices, and cordless phones. This frequency band is popular because it’s unlicensed and freely available for use in most […]