Introduction In the world of printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, two essential components play a crucial role in determining the quality and performance of the final product: prepreg and core. Both prepreg and core are used in the construction of multi-layer PCBs, but they serve different purposes and have distinct […]

Introduction to LM35 Temperature Sensor The LM35 is a precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. It is a popular choice for measuring temperature in various applications due to its high accuracy, low self-heating, and easy interfacing with microcontrollers or other electronic […]

Understanding Lithium-Ion Battery Charging Charging Stages Lithium-ion batteries require a specific charging process to ensure safe and efficient operation. The charging process typically consists of three stages: Constant Current (CC) Stage: In this stage, the charger supplies a constant current to the battery, gradually increasing the battery voltage. The current […]

What is a Breadboard and Why is it Important? A breadboard is an essential tool for anyone working with electronic circuits. It is a rectangular plastic board with a grid of holes that allows you to quickly and easily prototype and test electronic circuits without the need for soldering. The […]

Introduction to LED driver circuits Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become increasingly popular in modern lighting applications due to their energy efficiency, long lifespan, and versatility. However, LEDs require a specific current and voltage to operate optimally, which is where LED driver circuits come into play. In this article, we will […]

Introduction to MOC3021 The MOC3021 is a 6-pin DIP (Dual Inline Package) optocoupler that consists of a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode (IRED) and a light-activated silicon bilateral switch. The input LED is optically coupled to the output phototransistor, allowing for electrical isolation between the input and output circuits. Key […]

2N3771 Transistor Pinout The 2N3771 transistor has a TO-3 metal package with 2 leads: Pin Symbol Description 1 B Base 2 E Emitter Case C Collector The case/tab of the TO-3 package is connected internally to the collector. Proper heatsinking of the case is essential for managing the thermal dissipation […]

2N5089 Transistor Overview The 2N5089 is a small signal NPN transistor in a TO-92 through-hole package. It is designed for low power applications with a maximum collector current of 50mA and a power dissipation of 500mW. The 2N5089 has a transition frequency of 300MHz, making it suitable for high frequency […]

What is a 2.4 GHz Wireless Microphone? A 2.4 GHz wireless microphone operates on the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which is also used by other devices such as Wi-Fi routers, Bluetooth devices, and cordless phones. This frequency band is popular because it’s unlicensed and freely available for use in most […]

Minefield #1: Incomplete or Inaccurate PCB Specifications One of the most common minefields when getting PCB Quotes online is providing incomplete or inaccurate specifications. PCB manufacturers rely on detailed and accurate specs to provide an accurate quote. Some key specifications to include are: Specification Description Board size The dimensions of […]