What are Fiducials in PCB Assembly? Fiducials, also known as fiducial marks or fiducial points, are small, precise reference marks placed on printed circuit boards (PCBs) to help align and position components during the assembly process. These marks serve as visual cues for automated assembly machines, ensuring accurate placement of […]

What is Metallization? Metallization is the process of coating a non-metallic substrate, such as plastic, ceramic, or glass, with a thin layer of metal. The Metallization Process involves depositing a thin film of metal onto the surface of the substrate material to give it metallic properties such as conductivity, reflectivity, […]

Understanding the Basics of Spring-loaded Pins Construction and Working Principle Spring-loaded pins consist of three main components: a plunger, a barrel, and a spring. The plunger is a movable pin that protrudes from one end of the barrel and is designed to make contact with the mating surface. The barrel […]

What is Countersinking? Countersinking is a machining process where a conical hole is cut into a manufactured object, or hole, to allow the head of a countersunk bolt or screw, when placed in the hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material. A countersink may […]

Understanding Solder Escape and Its Causes Solder escape, also known as solder wicking, is a common issue faced during the reflow soldering process in PCB Assembly. It occurs when molten solder flows or “escapes” away from the intended solder joint, often along the component leads or PCB traces. This unwanted […]

Introduction to the LM323 Voltage Regulator The LM323 is a versatile and reliable 3-terminal adjustable voltage regulator capable of supplying over 3A of output current. Its robustness and ease-of-use have made it a popular choice for a wide range of power supply applications for over 40 years. In this comprehensive […]

Introduction to Audio Delay Circuits An audio delay circuit is an electronic device that creates a time delay in an audio signal. By delaying and feeding back a portion of the audio signal, delay circuits can create echo, reverberation, chorus, flanging, and other time-based effects that add depth, spaciousness, and […]

Introduction In this article, we will guide you through the process of creating your own digital Arduino Ammeter. An ammeter is a device used to measure electric current in amperes (A) in a circuit. With the help of an Arduino board and a few other components, you can build a […]

Introduction to Circuit Assembly Circuit assembly is the process of connecting electronic components to form a complete and functional circuit. It involves soldering components onto a printed circuit board (PCB) according to a specific design. This guide will provide a comprehensive overview of the circuit assembly process, including tools and […]

What are Communication Protocols? Communication protocols are sets of rules and standards that govern the exchange of data between two or more devices. They define the format, timing, and sequence of the data being transmitted, ensuring that the devices can understand each other and communicate effectively. Communication protocols are essential […]